IP Addressing, IPv4, IP Address Classes, Subnetting and Default Gateway Concepts

IPv4 & Subnetting

IP Address: IP addressing is logical addressing. It works on Network Layer (Layer 3) of TCP/IP model. IPv4 is 32 bit Addressing.

The IPv4 Addressing is done as follow

32 bits are divided into 4 octet as decimal notation

First octet Second Third Fourth

| | | |

________ ________ ________ ________

01010101 .00000101 .10111111 .00000001

Binary to Decimal Conversion

Total 8 bits, Value will be 0’s & 1’s i.e., 2⁸ =256 Combination

2⁷ 2⁶ 2⁵ 2⁴ 2³ 2² 2¹ 2⁰

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 = 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 = 2

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 = 3

0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 = 4

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 255

Total IP Range is

0.0.0.0 To 255.255.255.255

IP Addressing Scheme is divided into 5 Classes
- Class A
- Class B ——-> for LAN & WAN
- Class C

Class D —————> For Multicasting

Class E ————— >Research & Development

Priority Bits

To identify the range of each class bit called Priority bit is used

Priority bit are the left most bit in the First Octet of IP Address.

Class A Priority Bit is –> 0

Class B Priority Bit is –> 10

Class C Priority Bit is –> 110

Class D Priority Bit is –> 1110

Class E Priority Bit is –> 1111

Class A Range

The First bit of First Octet is reserved for Priority Bit

0xxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx . xxxxxxxx

2⁷ 2⁶ 2⁵ 2⁴ 2³ 2² 2¹ 2⁰

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 = 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 = 2

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 = 3

0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 = 4

0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 127

Class A Range is from 0.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255

Class B Range

The First two bits of First Octet is reserved for Priority Bit

10xxxxxx . xxxxxxxx . xxxxxxxx . xxxxxxxx

2⁷ 2⁶ 2⁵ 2⁴ 2³ 2² 2¹ 2⁰

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 128

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 = 129

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 = 130

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 = 131

1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 = 132

1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 191

Class B Range is from 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255

Class C Range

The First three bits of First Octet is reserved for Priority Bit

110xxxxx . xxxxxxxx . xxxxxxxx . xxxxxxxx

2⁷ 2⁶ 2⁵ 2⁴ 2³ 2² 2¹ 2⁰

1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 192

1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 = 193

1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 = 194

1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 = 195

1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 = 196

1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 = 223

Class C Range is from 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255

Class D Range

The First four bits of First Octet is reserved for Priority Bit

1110xxxx . xxxxxxxx . xxxxxxxx . xxxxxxxx

2⁷ 2⁶ 2⁵ 2⁴ 2³ 2² 2¹ 2⁰

1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 = 224

1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 = 225

1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 = 226

1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 = 227

1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 = 228

1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 = 239

Class D Range is from 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255

Class E Range

The First four bits of First Octet is reserved for Priority Bit

1111xxxx . xxxxxxxx . xxxxxxxx . xxxxxxxx

2⁷ 2⁶ 2⁵ 2⁴ 2³ 2² 2¹ 2⁰

1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 = 240

1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 = 241

1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 = 242

1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 = 243

1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 = 244

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 255

Class E Range is from 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255

Private IP Address

There are certain addresses in each class of IP Address that are reserved for LAN (Local Area Network). These addresses are called Private address.

They are used for Home & Office network & are not used in Internet Live (Public) Address.

Class A Private Address is: 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255

Class B Private Address is: 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255

Class C Private Address is: 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255

IP Address OCTET FORMAT

IP Address on each class is divided into Network & Host Portion

Class a is written as: N.H.H.H

(For example Class A, IP Address: 10.0.0.1, where 10 is N & rest is H, means 10.0.0.1 belong to 10.0.0.0 network)

Class B is written as: N.N.H.H

(For example Class B IP Address: 172.1.0.1, where 172, 1 is N & rest is H, means 172.1.0.1 belong to 172.1.0.0 network)

Class C is written as: N.N.N.H

(For example Class C IP Address: 192.168.10.1, where 192,168,10 is N & rest is H , means 192.168.10.1 belong to 192.168.10.0 network)

Where N= Network Bits & H = Host Bits

Class A No. of Networks & Hosts

Class A Octet Format is N.H.H.H

Network Bits: 8 Host Bits: 24 (total 32 bit)

No. of Networks

= 2^8-1 (-1 is priority bits of Class A)

= 2⁷

= 128-2 (-2 is for 0 & 127 Broadcast network)

= 126 Networks

No. Of Hosts

= 2²⁴ – 2 (-2 is for network IP address)

= 16777216 – 2

= 16777214 Hosts/Network

The Possible Network & Hosts in Class A are

126 Networks

& 16777214 Hosts/Network

Class B No. of Networks & Hosts

Class B Octet Format is N.N.H.H

Network Bits: 16 Host Bits: 16 (total 32 bit)

No. of Networks

= 2^16-2 (-2 is priority bits of Class B)

= 2¹⁴

= 16384 Networks

No. Of Hosts

= 2¹⁶ – 2 (-2 is for network IP address)

= 65536 – 2

= 65534 Hosts/Network

Class C No. of Networks & Hosts

Class C Octet Format is N.N.N.H

Network Bits: 24 Host Bits: 8 (total 32 bit)

No. of Networks

= 2^24-3 (-3 is priority bits of Class C)

= 2²¹

= 2097152 Networks

No. Of Hosts

= 2⁸ – 2 (-2 is for network IP address)

= 256 – 2

= 254 Hosts/Network

The Possible Network & Hosts in Class C are

2097152 Networks

& 254 Hosts/Network

The Possible Network & Hosts in Class B are

16384 Networks

& 65534 Hosts/Network

Network & Broadcast Address

Network Address: It is Represented by all bits ZERO in Host portion of the address.

Example: IP Address: 192.168.10.20 : it is class C IP address & its Octet format is N.N.N.H now for network address making Host bit ZERO, so its network address will be 192.168.10.0 respectively.

Broadcast Address: It is Represented by all bits ONE in Host portion of the address.

Example: IP Address: 192.168.10.20 : it is class C IP address & its Octet format is N.N.N.H now for network address making Host bit ONE, so its Broadcast address will be 192.168.10.255 respectively.

Valid IP Address Lies between Network Address & Broadcast Address.

Subnet Mask
- Subnet Mask Differentiates the Network Portion & Host Portion.
- Subnet Mask is given for Host Identification of Network ID
- To represent subnet mask put all bits ONE in Network Portion & all bits ZERO in Host Portion.
- Example is shown below

Class A : N.H.H.H

11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000

Default Subnet Mask of Class A is : 255.0.0.0

Class B : N.N.H.H

11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000

Default Subnet Mask of Class B is : 255.255.0.0

Class C : N.N.N.H

11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

Default Subnet Mask of Class C is : 255.255.255.0

How Does Subnet Mask Work, means how it differentiates Network & Host Bits

For Example: IP ADDRESS: 192.168.1.1

Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0

ANDING Process

192.168.1.1:= 11000000.10101000.00000001.00000001

255.255.255.0:= 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

192.168.1.0: = 11000000.10101000.00000001.00000000

It Gives the Network Address of IP Address & Differentiates Host Bits.

Sub netting
Sub netting means dividing one network into multiple networks.
Converting host bit to network bits
Sub netting is also called FIXED LENGHTH SUBNET MASK
Sub netting is done in three ways

1. Requirement of networks
2. Requirement of hosts
3. CIDR notation

Example of Sub netting

Consider IP Address : 192.168.1.1 need to be subnetted to 5 Network

–> Now IP address: 192.168.1.1 is Class C address, means

Octet format is: N.N.N.H

Default Gateway: 255.255.255.0

Sub netting is converting Host bit to required network bit.

We need 5 networks of these IP address

Means 2^s = 5

Value of s > 2 taking next value, s=3 (where s=subnet bit)

2³ = 6 Subnets

Now IP format will be as below

N+S+H

IP address: 192.168.1.1

Network address: 192.168.1.0

192.168.1.0

11000000.10101000.00000001.00000000

nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.hhhhhhh

After sub netting

nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.ssshhhhh

No. of host per subnet

= 2^h – 2 (-2 is for network & broadcast address)

= 2⁵ -2

= 30 Hosts/Subnets

IP address range of 192.168.1.1 will be

1 subnet = 192.168.1.0 to 192.168.1.31

2 subnet = 192.168.1.32 to 192.168.1.63

3 subnet = 192.168.1.64 to 192.168.1.95

4 subnet = 192.168.1.96 to 192.168.1.127

5 subnet = 192.168.1.128 to 192.168.1.159

6 subnet = 192.168.1.160 to 192.168.1.191

New Subnet mask will be: 255.255.255.224

Variable Length Subnet mask

It is done when there are different needs of IP address.

Consider IP address 192.168.1.1 is to be used to create three department & need to host in each department is shown below

Department A: 20 hosts

Department B: 50 Hosts

Department C: 100 hosts

IP address: 192.168.1.1

Default Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0 (because it is class C IP Address)

For Department A: No. of Host required 20

No. of host bit to be kept is =5

New subnet mask for Department A will be= 255.255.255.224

For Department B: No. of Host required 50

No. of host bit to be kept is =6

New subnet mask for Department B will be= 255.255.255.192

For Department C: No. of Host required 100

No. of host bit to be kept is =7

New subnet mask for Department C will be= 255.255.255.128

As we have seen in above calculations that all department have different subnet mask.

IP Range for Department A will be

192.168.1.0 to 192.168.1.31

with subnet mask: 255.255.255.224

IP Range for Department B will be

192.168.1.32 to 192.168.1.95

With subnet mask: 255.255.255.192

IP Range for Department C will be

192.168.1.96 to 192.168.1.224

With subnet mask: 255.255.255.128

Gateway

Gateway connects two networks. From which host from one network can connect to host of another network through gateway. Gateway is explained in below figure

As shown in above figure that HOST A i.e., 10.0.0.1 have to use 10.0.0.20 as Default Gateway to connect to 15.0.0.0 network. Similarly HOST B i.e., 20.0.0.1 has to use 20.0.0.20 as Default Gateway to connect 15.0.0.0 network.

IPv4 Subnetting

IPv4 & Subnetting

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